MUMMY DNA HOW IS IT POSSIBLE TO CLONE A HUMAN FROM VERY OLD ANCIENT EGYPTIAN SOME TWO TO THREE THOUSAND YEARS OLD 2,000 3,000 DNA WELL PRESERVED TEETH BONES AND TISSUE YES CAN BE DONE DEPENDENT ON STATE OF PRESERVATION OF CLEOPATRA'S REMAINS?

IS IT POSSIBLE TO CLONE AN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MUMMY?

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Almost any human cell can be used to replicate a person via cloning

Some Chatbots don't appear to know that it is possible to clone a human from ancient Egyptian mummy remains. But, for sure it is not impossible in an age where we have split the atom, and landed on the Moon.

It appears that it is possible, and yes, it can be done, and it is certainly not impossible. All, dependent on the state of preservation of the mummy, against the ravages of time, allied to the DNA extraction technology. Which is evolving all the time.

In the case of the most famous woman in history, Cleopatra Philopator VII, she was a highly skilled medical practitioner, who had written many works on medicine and cosmetics. It follows that there is a good chance she took precautions to make sure that her prediction (which some call a curse) of returning to earth reborn from the afterlife, might come to pass, as the prophesy of Isis. Hell bent on revenge.

From a technical perspective, cloning humans and other primates is more difficult than in other mammals. One reason is that two proteins essential to cell division, known as spindle proteins, are located very close to the chromosomes in primate eggs. Consequently, removal of the egg's nucleus to make room for the donor nucleus also removes the spindle proteins, interfering with cell division. In other mammals, such as cats, rabbits and mice, the two spindle proteins are spread throughout the egg. So, removal of the egg's nucleus does not result in loss of spindle proteins. In addition, some dyes and the ultraviolet light used to remove the egg's nucleus can damage the primate cell and prevent it from growing.

WORKING WITH MUMMY DNA EXAMPLE

One of the challenges of working with ancient DNA is how to extract it from the source material, such as bones, teeth, or tissues. The extraction process varies depending on the type of material, but it generally involves the following steps:

- Take a small sample of bone or tissue and grind it into powder.
- Remove the calcium from the sample by soaking it in a chemical solution (EDTA) overnight at room temperature.
- Spin the sample in a centrifuge to collect the solid part (sediment).
- Break down the proteins in the sediment by adding another chemical (proteinase K) and heating it overnight at 50–55°C.
- Separate the DNA from other molecules by mixing the sample with organic solvents (phenol and chloroform).
- Recover the DNA by spinning the sample again and transferring the upper layer to a new tube.
- Make multiple copies of the DNA by using a technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

PCR is a method that allows scientists to amplify a specific region of DNA by using special molecules called primers that match the DNA sequence of interest. PCR involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling that separate and copy the DNA strands, resulting in millions of copies of the target DNA in a few hours. PCR is useful for studying ancient DNA because it can overcome the problem of low quantity and quality of DNA in old samples.

Proteinase K is an enzyme that can digest proteins by breaking the bonds between their amino acids. Proteinase K is useful for extracting DNA from ancient samples because it can remove the proteins that are attached to or surrounding the DNA, such as histones or collagen. Proteinase K can also degrade any contaminating proteins that might interfere with the DNA analysis, such as bacterial or fungal proteins. Proteinase K is added to the sediment and incubated at a high temperature to ensure its optimal activity and efficiency.

This is how ancient DNA can be extracted from bones or tissues, but it is not an easy or reliable process. The DNA is often degraded, damaged, or contaminated by other sources of DNA, so scientists need to use special precautions and controls to ensure the authenticity and quality of the results.

Successful isolation depends on the preservation of the ancient specimen. In the case of Cleopatra, where she thought of herself as Isis, and was herself medically minded. She would have specified a method to protect her remains, that could ensure survival of bones and tissue, rather than the traditional mummification process. Although, she built on those techniques, to improve on the then current science.

Can we clone a mammoth from its DNA? - The answer to your question is not very simple or clear-cut. Cloning mammoths from DNA is not possible due to the fragmented and degraded DNA recovered from mammoth molars1. However, researchers are attempting to use genome editing and engineering to make mammoth-like species instead of perfect replications of mammoths. The cloning process will utilize the CRISPR genetic engineering process to copy and paste Mammoth genetic material into live fibroblast cell cultures from elephants [2]. At present, numerous Mammoth genes have already been encoded into elephant cell lines, which resulted in some already “mammoth-like” cells [3].

A new biosciences and genetics company, Colossal, has raised $15 million to bring back the woolly mammoth from extinction. They aim to create, through genetic engineering, a living, walking elephant-mammoth hybrid that would be visually indistinguishable from its extinct forerunner. Their goal is to have their first calves in the next four to six years [4]. They also hope that bringing back the mammoth in an altered form could help restore the fragile Arctic tundra ecosystem, combat the climate crisis, and preserve the endangered Asian elephant [4] [5].

However, this project also faces many challenges and risks, such as ethical, legal, and social issues. For example, some critics question the feasibility, necessity, and morality of resurrecting an extinct species that may not fit into the current environment or ecosystem. Some also argue that the resources and efforts should be directed towards conserving existing endangered species rather than creating new ones [6] [7].

Therefore, the possibility of cloning a mammoth from its DNA is still a hypothetical and speculative one. It may be possible in the future, but it would require a lot of scientific breakthroughs and social acceptance. It would also raise many questions about the nature of life, biodiversity, and conservation. I hope this helps you understand this fascinating topic better. ��

DNA MILLIONS OF YEARS OLD

Scientists have extracted DNA from mammoth remains. In fact, they have recovered the oldest DNA ever sequenced from a mammoth tooth that was buried in the Siberian permafrost for more than a million years [1] [2]. This DNA reveals how mammoths evolved and adapted to the cold climate, and also identifies a new kind of mammoth that gave rise to a later North American species [1] [3]. The researchers used various methods and technologies to isolate, sequence, and date the DNA from three mammoth teeth that ranged from 700,000 to 1.2 million years old [1] [4]. This is a remarkable achievement that pushes the limits of ancient DNA research and opens new possibilities for studying the evolutionary history of humans and other extinct animals.

REFERENCE

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/oldest-animal-dna-ever-recovered-mammoth-evolution
https://bing.com/search?q=DNA+from+mammoth+remains
https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2021/february/oldest-ever-dna-extracted-from-a-million-year-old-mammoth-tooth.html
https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/17/world/mammoth-oldest-dna-million-years-ago-scn/index.html
https://www.nhm.ac.uk/press-office/press-releases/world-s-oldest-dna-reveals-how-mammoths-evolved.html
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00436-x
https://news.ucsc.edu/2021/02/mammoth-genomes.html
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/mammoth-genomes-shatter-record-for-oldest-dna-sequences/

CLEOPATRA THE MUMMY

'Cleopatra The Mummy,' could be slotted in with other John Storm eco adventures to form an invest-able trilogy for film Angels, with Kulo-Luna, Treasure Island, or Operation Neptune, a prequel, sequel, somewhere in between, or the finale or series one or two. The order of production could be to suit identified gaps in entertainment, in any particular year. Equally, the trilogy, could be adapted for network television, as with Blood and Treasure from CBS.

Queen Cleopatra was the last of the Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh's who prepared for the afterlife

YES, IT IS POSSIBLE TO CLONE A VERY ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MUMMY THAT MAY BE TWO 2,000 OR EVEN 3,000 YEARS OLD, FROM DNA IN BONES AND TEETH - PROVIDED THE SPECIMEN CLEOPATRA;S MUMMY IS WELL PRESERVED